ABSTRACT
Background@#Ketamine is widely used in infants and young children for procedural sedation and anesthesia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low dose oral ketamine to control pain and distress in children during intravenous (IV) cannulation. @*Methods@#This is a prospective, randomized, double-blind study, including children aged between 3 and 6 years requiring a non-emergent IV-line placement. Children were randomly assigned to two groups, treated either with oral ketamine or a placebo. All patients were monitored for vital signs. Pain was assessed using the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale (CHEOPS) and Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFS) scales and sedation using a 5-point sedation score. The facility of IV-line placement was measured by a 3-point scale. Adverse effects were recorded after 1 and 24 hours. @*Results@#A total of 79 and 81 children were entered in the ketamine and placebo groups, respectively. The heart and respiratory rates increased significantly in the placebo group. The median CHEOPS 4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3, 4, P < 0.001) and WBFS 6 (95% CI: 4, 6, P < 0.001) scores decreased statistically in the ketamine group. IV-line placement was 50% easier in the ketamine group (95% CI: 37%, 63%, P < 0.001). No serious adverse effects were observed in all cases. @*Conclusions@#Low dose oral ketamine effectively decreased the pain and distress during IV cannulation in children without any significant adverse reactions.
ABSTRACT
Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the selective attention hypothesis in a group of Iranian outpatients with depressive disorder
Methods: Causal-comparative and correlation methods were used to analyze the data. A total of 60 subjects participated in this study. Of them, 31 patients diagnosed with depression were assigned in the depressive group and 29 nondepressed individuals were observed as control [normal] group. Participation in this study was completely voluntary. Participants were screened by the structured clinical interview for the DSM-IV [SCID], answered to Beck depression inventory-II [BDI-II], and took part in the Visual Dot-Probe [VDP] task. The data were analyzed by correlation analysis and t test
Results: The results showed that the depressed group got higher score in BDI compared to the control group and this difference was statistically significant. But the differences between two groups regarding attention biases were not large enough to be significant
Conclusion: The following results could be because of the different reasons such as culture. Furthermore, there were several limitations to the current study which are discussed